Places I Can Use a Computer and Cd Drive Near Me

Blazon of computer disk storage dive

A CD-RW/DVD-ROM figurer bulldoze

The CD/DVD bulldoze lens on an Acer laptop

Lenses from a Blu-ray writer in a Sony Vaio E series laptop

In calculating, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disc drive that uses laser lite or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as function of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from certain discs, merely contempo drives can both read and record, also called burners or writers (since they physically burn the organic dye on write-one time CD-R, DVD-R and BD-R LTH discs). Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which tin be read and recorded by such drives.

Drive types [edit]

As of 2021^[update], most of the optical disc drives on the market are DVD-ROM drives and BD-ROM drives which read and tape from those formats, along with having astern compatibility with CD, CD-R and CD-ROM discs; meaty disc drives are no longer manufactured outside of sound devices. Read-simply DVD and Blu-ray drives are too manufactured, but are less commonly found in the consumer market place and mainly express to media devices such equally game consoles and disc media players. Over the last ten years, laptop computers no longer come up with optical disc drives in order to reduce costs and make devices lighter, requiring consumers to purchase external optical drives.

Appliances and functionality [edit]

Optical disc drives are an integral part of standalone appliances such as CD players, DVD players, Blu-ray Disc players, DVD recorders, sure desktop video game consoles, such equally Sony PlayStation 4, Microsoft Xbox Ane, Nintendo Wii U, Sony PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and too in older consoles, such equally the Sony PlayStation iii and Xbox 360, and certain portable video game consoles, such as Sony PlayStation Portable (using proprietary now discontinued UMDs). They are also very commonly used in computers to read software and media distributed on disc and to tape discs for archival and data exchange purposes. Floppy disk drives, with capacity of i.44 MB, have been made obsolete: optical media are inexpensive and have vastly college capacity to handle the large files used since the days of floppy discs, and the vast bulk of computers and much consumer entertainment hardware have optical writers. USB flash drives, high-chapters, modest, and inexpensive, are suitable where read/write capability is required.

Disc recording is restricted to storing files playable on consumer appliances (films, music, etc.), relatively minor volumes of data (e.grand. a standard DVD holds 4.7 gigabytes, however, college-capacity formats such as multi-layer Blu-ray Discs exist) for local use, and information for distribution, simply just on a minor scale; mass-producing large numbers of identical discs by pressing (replication) is cheaper and faster than individual recording (duplication).

Optical discs are used to back upwards relatively pocket-size volumes of information, merely backing up of entire difficult drives, which as of 2015^[update] typically comprise many hundreds of gigabytes or even multiple terabytes, is less applied. Large backups are often instead made on external hard drives, every bit their price has dropped to a level making this viable; in professional environments magnetic record drives are also used.

Some optical drives also allow predictively scanning the surface of discs for errors and detecting poor recording quality.^{[one] [ii]}

With an option in the optical disc authoring software, optical disc writers are able to simulate the writing process on CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R and DVD-RW, which allows for testing such as observing the writing speeds and patterns (due east.g. constant athwart velocity, constant linear velocity and P-CAV and Z-CLV variants) with different writing speed settings and testing the highest capacity of an private disc that would be achievable using overburning, without writing any information to the disc.^[3]

Few optical drives let simulating a FAT32 flash bulldoze from optical discs containing ISO9660/Joliet and UDF file systems or audio tracks (simulated as .wav files),^[iv] for compatibility with near USB multimedia appliances.^[5]

Key components [edit]

Form factors [edit]

Optical drives for computers come up in two principal form factors: half-height (likewise known every bit desktop drive) and slim type (used in laptop computers and compact desktop computers). They exist as both internal and external variants.

One-half-top optical drives are effectually 4 centimetres tall, while slim type optical drives are around i cm tall.

Half-superlative optical drives operate upwards of twice the speeds as slim blazon optical drives, because speeds on slim type optical drives are constrained to the concrete limitations of the drive motor's rotation speed (around 5000rpm^[vi]) rather than the performance of the optical pickup system.

Considering half-height demand much more electric power and a voltage of 12 V DC, while slim optical drives run on 5 volts, external half height optical drives require divide external ability input, while external slim type are usually able to operate entirely on power delivered through a computer's USB port. One-half tiptop drives are also faster than Slim drives due to this, since more power is required to spin the disc at college speeds.

Half-height optical drives hold discs in identify from both sides while slim type optical drives fasten the disc from the bottom.

Half height drives spike the disc using two spindles containing a magnet each, ane under and one higher up the disc tray. The spindles may be lined with flocking or a texturized silicone material to exert friction on the disc, to go on it from slipping. The upper spindle is left slightly loose and is attracted to the lower spindle considering of the magnets they take. When the tray is opened, a machinery driven by the movement of the tray pulls the lower spindle away from the upper spindle and vice versa when the tray is closed. When the tray is closed, the lower spindle touches the inner circumference of the disc, and slightly raises the disc from the tray to the upper spindle, which is attracted to the magnet on the lower disc, clamping the disc in place. Only the lower spindle is motorized. Trays in half meridian drives often fully open and close using a motorized mechanism that can be pushed to close, controlled past the estimator, or controlled using a button on the bulldoze. Trays on half height and slim drives tin too be locked by whatever plan is using it, still it tin can nevertheless be ejected past inserting the end of a paper clip into an emergency eject pigsty on the front of the drive. Early on CD players such as the Sony CDP-101 used a separate motorized machinery to clamp the disc to the motorized spindle.

Slim drives use a special spindle with spring loaded specially shaped studs that radiate outwards, pressing against the inner edge of the disc. The user has to put uniform pressure level onto the inner circumference of the disc to clamp information technology to the spindle and pull from the outer circumference while placing the thumb on the spindle to remove the disc, flexing it slightly in the process and returning to its normal shape subsequently removal. The outer rim of the spindle may accept a texturized silicone surface to exert friction keeping the disc from slipping. In slim drives most if not all components are on the disc tray, which pops out using a bound machinery that can exist controlled by the computer. These trays cannot close on their own; they take to be pushed until the tray reaches a stop. ^[7]

Laser and optics [edit]

Optical pickup organisation [edit]

The most important part of an optical disc drive is an optical path, which is inside a pickup caput (PUH). The PUH is too known as a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation pickup, optical pickup, pickup, pickup associates, laser assembly, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation optical associates, optical pickup head/unit or optical assembly.^[eight] It usually consists of a semiconductor laser diode, a lens for focusing the laser beam, and photodiodes for detecting the calorie-free reflected from the disc's surface.^[9]

Initially, CD-type lasers with a wavelength of 780 nm (inside the infrared) were used. For DVDs, the wavelength was reduced to 650 nm (cherry-red color), and for Blu-ray Disc this was reduced even farther to 405 nm (violet color).

Ii principal servomechanisms are used, the get-go to maintain the proper distance betwixt lens and disc, to ensure the laser beam is focused as a pocket-size laser spot on the disc. The second servo moves the pickup head forth the disc's radius, keeping the beam on the track, a continuous spiral data path. Optical disc media are 'read' beginning at the inner radius to the outer border.

Virtually the laser lens, optical drives are ordinarily equipped with one to three tiny potentiometers (usually separate ones for CDs, DVDs, and unremarkably a third one for Blu-ray Discs if supported past the drive^[10]) that can exist turned using a fine screwdriver. The potentiometer is in a series circuit with the laser lens and can exist used to manually increment and decrease the laser ability for repair purposes.^{[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]}

The laser diode used in DVD writers can accept powers of up to 100 milliwatts, such high powers are used during writing.^[17] Some CD players have automatic gain control (AGC) to vary the power of the light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation to ensure reliable playback of CD-RW discs.^{[18] [19]}

Readability (the ability to read physically damaged or soiled discs) may vary amongst optical drives due to differences in optical pickup systems, firmwares, and damage patterns.^[twenty]

Read-only media [edit]

The optical sensor out of a CD/DVD bulldoze. The two larger rectangles are the photodiodes for pits, the inner one for land. This ane as well includes amplification and minor processing.

On factory-pressed read only media (ROM), during the manufacturing process the tracks are formed past pressing a thermoplastic resin into a nickel stamper that was fabricated by plating a glass 'primary' with raised 'bumps' on a flat surface, thus creating pits and lands in the plastic disk. Considering the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the laser's wavelength, the reflected beam's phase is shifted in relation to the incoming beam, causing mutual destructive interference and reducing the reflected axle's intensity. This is detected by photodiodes that create corresponding electrical signals.

Recordable media [edit]

This section is missing data about light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation wattages for reading and writing of individual media types. Please expand the department to include this information. Further details may be on the talk folio. (Baronial 2020)

An optical deejay recorder encodes (also known as called-for, since the dye layer is permanently burned) data onto a recordable CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, or BD-R disc (called a bare) by selectively heating (burning) parts of an organic dye layer with a laser.^{[ commendation needed ]}

This changes the reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that can be read like the pits and lands on pressed discs. For recordable discs, the process is permanent and the media can be written to but one time. While the reading light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation is usually non stronger than 5 mW, the writing laser is considerably more powerful.^[21] DVD lasers operate at voltages of around 2.five volts.^[22]

The higher the writing speed, the less time a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation has to heat a bespeak on the media, thus its power has to increase proportionally. DVD burners' lasers often acme at nearly 200 mW, either in continuous wave and pulses, although some have been driven up to 400 mW earlier the diode fails.

Rewriteable media [edit]

For rewritable CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, or BD-RE media, the laser is used to melt a crystalline metallic blend in the recording layer of the disc. Depending on the amount of ability applied, the substance may be allowed to melt dorsum (modify the phase back) into crystalline form or left in an baggy grade, enabling marks of varying reflectivity to be created.

Double-sided media [edit]

Double-sided media may exist used, but they are not easily accessed with a standard drive, as they must be physically turned over to admission the information on the other side.

Dual layer media [edit]

Double layer or dual layer (DL) media have two independent data layers separated by a semi-reflective layer. Both layers are accessible from the aforementioned side, but crave the optics to change the laser's focus. Traditional single layer (SL) writable media are produced with a spiral groove molded in the protective polycarbonate layer (non in the data recording layer), to lead and synchronize the speed of recording caput. Double-layered writable media take: a first polycarbonate layer with a (shallow) groove, a first information layer, a semi-reflective layer, a 2d (spacer) polycarbonate layer with some other (deep) groove, and a second data layer. The commencement groove spiral normally starts on the inner edge and extends outwards, while the second groove showtime on the outer border and extends inwards.^{[23] [24]}

Photothermal printing [edit]

Some drives back up Hewlett-Packard's LightScribe, or the alternative LabelFlash photothermal printing applied science for labeling specially coated discs.

Multi beam drives [edit]

Zen Technology and Sony have developed drives that use several laser beams simultaneously to read discs and write to them at higher speeds than what would be possible with a single laser axle. The limitation with a single laser beam comes from wobbling of the disc that may occur at high rotational speeds; at 25,000 RPMs CDs become unreadable^[18] while Blu-rays cannot be written to beyond five,000 RPMs.^[25] With a single laser axle, the only way to increase read and write speeds without reducing the pit length of the disc (which would let for more pits and thus bits of data per revolution, only may require smaller wavelength light) is by increasing the rotational speed of the disc which reads more than pits in less time, increasing data rate; hence why faster drives spin the disc at college speeds. In addition, CDs at 27,500 RPMs (such as to read the within of a CD at 52x) may explode causing extensive damage to the disc's surroundings, and poor quality or damaged discs may explode at lower speeds.^{[26] [18]}

In Zen'south organisation (developed in conjunction with Sanyo and licensed by Kenwood), a diffraction grating is used to split a laser axle into 7 beams, which are and then focused into the disc; a central beam is used for focusing and tracking the groove of the disc leaving 6 remaining beams (3 on either side) that are spaced evenly to read 6 separate portions of the groove of the disc in parallel, effectively increasing read speeds at lower RPMs, reducing drive racket and stress on the disc. The beams then reflect back from the disc, and are collimated and projected into a special photodiode array to be read. The get-go drives using the technology could read at 40x, afterward increasing to 52x and finally 72x. It uses a unmarried optical pickup.^{[27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]}

In Sony's system (used on their proprietary Optical Disc Annal system which is based on Archival Disc, itself based on Blu-ray) the drive has 4 optical pickups, two on each side of the disc, with each pickup having ii lenses for a total of viii lenses and laser beams. This allows for both sides of the disc to be read and written to at the same time, and for the contents of the disc to be verified during writing.^[33]

Rotational mechanism [edit]

• 

  Comparing of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not-to-scale); light-green denotes showtime and red denotes end.
  * Some CD-R(Due west) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.

The rotational mechanism in an optical drive differs considerably from that of a difficult disk drive'south, in that the latter keeps a abiding angular velocity (CAV), in other words a constant number of revolutions per minute (RPM). With CAV, a higher throughput is generally achievable at the outer disc compared to the inner.

On the other hand, optical drives were developed with an assumption of achieving a constant throughput, in CD drives initially equal to 150 KiB/due south. It was a feature important for streaming audio data that always tend to crave a constant bit rate. Simply to ensure no disc chapters was wasted, a head had to transfer data at a maximum linear rate at all times too, without slowing on the outer rim of the disc. This led to optical drives—until recently—operating with a abiding linear velocity (CLV). The spiral groove of the disc passed nether its head at a abiding speed. The implication of CLV, as opposed to CAV, is that disc athwart velocity is no longer constant, and the spindle motor needed to be designed to vary its speed from betwixt 200 RPM on the outer rim and 500 RPM on the inner, keeping the data rate constant.

Later on CD drives kept the CLV image, but evolved to attain higher rotational speeds, popularly described in multiples of a base of operations speed. As a result, a 4× CLV drive, for instance, would rotate at 800-2000 RPM, while transferring information steadily at 600 KiB/s, which is equal to 4 × 150 KiB/s.

For DVDs, base of operations or 1× speed is 1.385 MB/s, equal to 1.32 MiB/s, approximately nine times faster than the CD base of operations speed. For Blu-ray drives, base speed is vi.74 MB/due south, equal to 6.43 MiB/s.

The Z-CLV recording pattern is easily visible after burning a DVD-R.

Because keeping a constant transfer rate for the whole disc is non so important in most contemporary CD uses, a pure CLV approach had to be abandoned to go along the rotational speed of the disc safely depression while maximizing data rate. Some drives work in a partial CLV (PCLV) scheme, by switching from CLV to CAV only when a rotational limit is reached. But switching to CAV requires considerable changes in hardware blueprint, then instead most drives use the zoned abiding linear velocity (Z-CLV) scheme. This divides the disc into several zones, each having its own constant linear velocity. A Z-CLV recorder rated at "52×", for instance, would write at xx× on the innermost zone and then progressively increase the speed in several detached steps up to 52× at the outer rim. Without higher rotational speeds, increased read operation may be attainable by simultaneously reading more i point of a data groove, likewise known as multi-beam,^[34] but drives with such mechanisms are more expensive, less uniform, and very uncommon.

Limit [edit]

Both DVDs and CDs have been known to explode^[35] when damaged or spun at excessive speeds. This imposes a constraint on the maximum safe speeds (56× CAV for CDs or around eighteen×CAV in the case of DVDs) at which drives can operate.

The reading speeds of most half-pinnacle optical disc drives released since circa 2007 are express to ×48 for CDs, ×sixteen for DVDs and ×12 (angular velocities) for Blu-ray Discs.^[a] Writing speeds on selected write-in one case media are college.^{[7] [36] [37]}

Some optical drives additionally throttle the reading speed based on the contents of optical discs, such every bit max. 40× CAV (constant angular velocity) for the Digital Sound Extraction ("DAE") of Sound CD tracks,^[36] 16× CAV for Video CD contents^[37] and fifty-fifty lower limitations on earlier models such equally 4× CLV (abiding linear velocity) for Video CDs.^{[38] [39]}

Loading mechanisms [edit]

Tray and slot loading [edit]

Electric current optical drives use either a tray-loading mechanism, where the disc is loaded onto a motorized (as utilized by half-top, "desktop" drives) tray, a manually operated tray (every bit utilized in laptop computers, besides called slim type), or a slot-loading machinery, where the disc is slid into a slot and fatigued in past motorized rollers. Slot-loading optical drives exist in both one-half-height (desktop) and slim type (laptop) form factors.^[vii]

With both types of mechanisms, if a CD or DVD is left in the drive after the computer is turned off, the disc cannot be ejected using the normal eject mechanism of the drive. However, tray-loading drives business relationship for this state of affairs by providing a pocket-size pigsty where i can insert a paperclip to manually open up the drive tray to retrieve the disc.^[40]

Slot-loading optical disc drives are prominently used in game consoles and vehicle audio units. Although assuasive more user-friendly insertion, those have the disadvantages that they cannot usually accept the smaller 80 mm diameter discs (unless lxxx mm optical disc adapter is used) or any non-standard sizes, usually take no emergency eject hole or eject push button, and therefore take to be disassembled if the optical disc cannot be ejected unremarkably. However, some slot-loading optical drives have been engineered to support miniature discs. The Nintendo Wii, because of backward compatibility with Nintendo GameCube games,^{[41] [42]} and PlayStation three^[43] video game consoles are able to load both standard size DVDs and 80 mm discs in the same slot-loading drive. Its successor'due south slot drive nonetheless, the Wii U, lacks miniature disc compatibility.^[44]

There were besides some early CD-ROM drives for desktop PCs in which its tray-loading mechanism volition eject slightly and user has to pull out the tray manually to load a CD^{[ citation needed ]}, similar to the tray ejecting method used in internal optical disc drives of mod laptops and modern external slim portable optical disc drives. Like the top-loading mechanism, they have bound-loaded ball bearings on the spindle.

Peak-load [edit]

A small number of drive models, by and large compact portable units, have a top-loading mechanism where the drive lid is manually opened upwards and the disc is placed straight onto the spindle^{[45] [46]} (for instance, all PlayStation 1 consoles, PlayStation two Slim, PlayStation iii Super Slim, Nintendo GameCube consoles, nearly portable CD players, and some standalone CD recorders characteristic top-loading drives). These sometimes have the reward of using spring-loaded ball bearings to hold the disc in place, minimizing impairment to the disc if the bulldoze is moved while it is spun up.

Unlike tray and slot loading mechanisms by default, top-load optical drives tin can exist opened without existence connected to power.

Cartridge load [edit]

Some early CD-ROM drives used a mechanism where CDs had to be inserted into special cartridges or caddies, somewhat similar in appearance to a 3.v inch micro floppy diskette. This was intended to protect the disc from adventitious damage past enclosing it in a tougher plastic casing, only did not gain wide acceptance due to the boosted cost and compatibility concerns—such drives would as well inconveniently require "bare" discs to be manually inserted into an openable caddy before apply. Ultra Density Optical (UDO), Magneto-optical drives, Universal Media Disc (UMD), DataPlay, Professional Disc, MiniDisc, Optical Disc Annal likewise every bit early on DVD-RAM and Blu-ray discs use optical disc cartridges.

Computer interfaces [edit]

All optical disc-drives utilise the SCSI-protocol on a command motorcoach level, and initial systems used either a fully featured SCSI bus or as these were some what cost-prohibitive to sell to consumer applications, a proprietary cost-reduced version of the bus. This is because conventional ATA-standards at the time did not support, or take any provisions for any sort of removable media or hot-plugging of disk drives. Most modern internal drives for personal computers, servers, and workstations are designed to fit in a standard v+ ane⁄iv -inch (also written as 5.25 inch) bulldoze bay and connect to their host via an ATA or SATA bus interface, but communicate using the SCSI protocol commands on software level as per the ATA Package Interface standard developed for making Parallel ATA/IDE interfaces compatible with removable media. Some devices may support vendor-specific commands such as recording density ("GigaRec"), light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation power setting ("VariRec"), ability to manually hard-limit rotation speed in a way that overrides the universal speed setting (separately for reading and writing), and adjusting the lens and tray movement speeds where a lower setting reduces racket, as implmenented on some Plextor drives, as well as the power to forcefulness overspeed burning, pregnant beyond speed recommended for the media blazon, for testing purposes, as implemented on some Lite-ON drives.^{[47] [48] [49] [fifty]} Additionally, there may be digital and analog outputs for audio. The outputs may be connected via a header cable to the sound card or the motherboard or to headphones or an external speaker with a 3.5mm AUX plug cable that many early optical drives are equipped with.^{[51] [52]} At one time, computer software resembling CD players controlled playback of the CD.^{[53] [54]} Today the information is extracted from the disc as digital data, to be played back or converted to other file formats.

Some early on optical drives have dedicated buttons for CD playback controls on their front console, allowing them to act as a standalone meaty disc player.^[51]

External drives were popular in the beginning, because the drives frequently required complex electronics to plant, rivaling in complexity the Host computer system itself. External drives using SCSI, Parallel port, USB and FireWire interfaces be, about modern drives being USB. Some portable versions for laptops power themselves from batteries or direct from their interface bus.

Drives with a SCSI interface were originally the merely system interface available, simply they never became popular in the price sensitive low-finish consumer market which constituted majority of the need. They were less common and tended to exist more than expensive, because of the price of their interface chipsets, more than complex SCSI connectors, and small book of sales in comparing to proprietary price-reduced applications, but near importantly because most consumer marketplace computer systems did not have whatever sort of SCSI interface in them the market for them was small. However, support for multitude of various cost-reduced proprietary optical drive autobus standards were usually embedded with sound cards which were often arranged with the optical drives themselves in the early years. Some sound carte and optical drive bundles even featured a total SCSI bus. Mod IDE/ATAPI compliant Parallel ATA and Serial ATA drive command chipsets and their interface technology is more complex to manufacture than a traditional 8bit 50Mhz SCSI drive interface, because they feature properties of both the SCSI and ATA charabanc, but are cheaper to make overall due to economies of scale.

When the optical disc drive was first adult, it was non piece of cake to add together to figurer systems. Some computers such as the IBM PS/2 were standardizing on the 3+ 1⁄ii -inch floppy and 3+ i⁄two -inch hard deejay and did not include a identify for a big internal device. Also IBM PCs and clones at start only included a unmarried (parallel) ATA drive interface, which by the fourth dimension the CD-ROM was introduced, was already existence used to back up two hard drives and were completely incapable of supporting removable media, a drive falling off or existence removed from the bus while the organisation was alive, would cause an unrecoverable error and crash the entire organisation. Early consumer grade laptops simply had no congenital-in high-speed interface for supporting an external storage device. Loftier-end workstation systems and laptops featured a SCSI interface which had a standard for externally connected devices.

HP C4381A CD-Writer Plus 7200 Series, showing parallel ports to connect betwixt a printer and the estimator

This was solved through several techniques:

• Early sound cards could include a CD-ROM drive interface. Initially, such interfaces were proprietary to each CD-ROM manufacturer. A sound card could often have two or iii unlike interfaces which are able to communicate with the CD-ROM drive.
• A method for using the parallel port to use with external drives was developed at some point. This interface was traditionally used to connect a printer, merely despite pop myth information technology is not its just utilise and various dissimilar external auxiliary devices exist for the IEEE-1278 passenger vehicle, including simply not express to tape backup drives etc. This was slow but an option for depression-to-midrange laptops with out integrated or PCMCIA extension bus connected SCSI.
• A PCMCIA optical drive interface was as well adult for laptops.
• A SCSI card could be installed in desktop PCs to cater for an external SCSI drive enclosure or to run internally mounted SCSI Hd drives and optical drives, though SCSI was typically somewhat more expensive than other options, with some OEMs charging a premium for it.

Due to lack of asynchrony in existing implementations, an optical drive encountering damaged sectors may crusade estimator programs trying to access the drives, such as Windows Explorer, to lock upwards.

Internal machinery of a drive [edit]

Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Bulldoze. See text for details.

The optical drives in the photos are shown right side up; the disc would sit on acme of them. The laser and optical system scans the underside of the disc.

With reference to the top photograph, just to the correct of image center is the disc motor, a metal cylinder, with a gray centering hub and black rubber drive ring on top. At that place is a disc-shaped round clench, loosely held inside the embrace and free to rotate; it'southward not in the photo. Later on the disc tray stops moving inward, as the motor and its attached parts rise, a magnet near the peak of the rotating assembly contacts and strongly attracts the clamp to concur and center the disc. This motor is an "outrunner"-style brushless DC motor which has an external rotor – every visible part of it spins.

Two parallel guide rods that run between upper left and lower right in the photo carry the "sled", the moving optical read-write head. As shown, this "sled" is shut to, or at the position where it reads or writes at the edge of the disc. To motion the "sled" during continuous read or write operations, a stepper motor rotates a leadscrew to move the "sled" throughout its total travel range. The motor, itself, is the short gray cylinder just to the left of the nigh-afar stupor mount; its shaft is parallel to the support rods. The leadscrew is the rod with evenly-spaced darker details; these are the helical grooves that appoint a pin on the "sled".

In contrast, the mechanism shown in the second photograph, which comes from a cheaply fabricated DVD player, uses less accurate and less efficient brushed DC motors to both motility the sled and spin the disc. Some older drives use a DC motor to motion the sled, only too have a magnetic rotary encoder to keep rails of the position. Most drives in computers employ stepper motors.

The gray metal chassis is daze-mounted at its four corners to reduce sensitivity to external shocks, and to reduce drive noise from balance imbalance when running fast. The soft shock mount grommets are just below the contumely-colored screws at the four corners (the left one is obscured).

In the tertiary photo, the components nether the cover of the lens machinery are visible. The two permanent magnets on either side of the lens holder equally well as the coils that motion the lens can be seen. This allows the lens to be moved up, down, forwards, and backwards to stabilize the focus of the axle.

In the fourth photo, the inside of the optics bundle tin can be seen. Note that since this is a CD-ROM bulldoze, there is merely one laser, which is the black component mounted to the bottom left of the associates. Just to a higher place the laser are the first focusing lens and prism that directly the beam at the disc. The alpine, thin object in the eye is a half-silvered mirror that splits the laser beam in multiple directions. To the bottom right of the mirror is the principal photodiode that senses the beam reflected off the disc. Higher up the main photodiode is a second photodiode that is used to sense and regulate the power of the light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

The irregular orangish material is flexible etched copper foil supported by thin canvas plastic; these are "flexible circuits" that connect everything to the electronics (which is not shown).

History [edit]

The commencement laser disc, demonstrated in 1972, was the Laservision 12-inch video disc. The video signal was stored as an analog format like a video cassette. The commencement digitally recorded optical disc was a 5-inch audio compact disc (CD) in a read-only format created by Sony and Philips in 1975.^[55]

The start erasable optical disc drives were announced in 1983, by Matsushita (Panasonic),^[56] Sony, and Kokusai Denshin Denwa (KDDI).^[57] Sony eventually released the starting time commercial erasable and rewritable 5+ one⁄4 -inch optical disc drive in 1987,^[55] with dual-sided discs capable of holding 325 MB per side.^[56]

The CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced in 1984, equally an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio and adapted to hold any class of digital information. The CD-ROM format has a storage capacity of 650 MB. Also in 1984, Sony introduced a LaserDisc data storage format, with a larger data capacity of three.28 GB.^[58]

In September 1992, Sony announced the MiniDisc format, which was supposed to combine the sound clarity of CD'southward and the convenience of a cassette size.^[59] The standard capacity holds fourscore minutes of audio. In January 2004, Sony revealed an upgraded Hi-Physician format, which increased the capacity to ane GB (48 hours of audio).

The DVD format, developed by Panasonic, Sony, and Toshiba, was released in 1995, and was capable of holding 4.7 GB per layer; with the first DVD players shipping on November 1, 1996, by Panasonic and Toshiba in Nihon and the start DVD-ROM compatible computers being shipped on November half dozen of that twelvemonth by Fujitsu.^[60] Sales of DVD-ROM drives for computers in the U.Southward. began on March 24, 1997, when Creative Labs released their PC-DVD kit to the market place.^[61]

In 1999, Kenwood released a multi-beam optical drive that achieved called-for speeds as high every bit 72×, which would crave dangerous spinning speeds to accomplish with single-beam burning.^{[27] [62]} Even so, it suffered from reliability problems.^[29]

The get-go Blu-ray prototype was unveiled by Sony in Oct 2000,^[63] and the first commercial recording device was released to market on April 10, 2003.^[64] In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed an ultra-hard yet very sparse polymer coating ("Durabis") for Blu-ray Discs; this was a significant technical advance considering meliorate protection was desired for the consumer market to protect bare discs confronting scratching and damage compared to DVD. Technically Blu-ray Disc also required a thinner layer for the narrower axle and shorter wavelength 'blueish' light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.^[65] The first BD-ROM players (Samsung BD-P1000) were shipped in mid-June 2006.^[66] The starting time Blu-ray Disc titles were released past Sony and MGM on June 20, 2006.^[67] The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released past Sony on July 18, 2006.^[68]

Starting in the mid 2010s, calculator manufacturers began to terminate including congenital-in optical disc drives on their products, with the advent of inexpensive, rugged (scratches can not cause corrupted information, inaccessible files or skipping audio/video), fast and high chapters USB drives and video on need over the internet. Excluding an optical bulldoze allows for excursion boards in laptops to be larger and less dense, requiring less layers, reducing production costs while also reducing weight and thickness, or for batteries to exist larger. Estimator case manufacturers also began to cease including v+ 1⁄iv -inch bays for installing optical disc drives. Notwithstanding, new optical disc drives are still (as of 2020) available for purchase. Notable optical disc drive OEMs include Hitachi, LG Electronics (merged into Hitachi-LG Data Storage), Toshiba, Samsung Electronics (merged into Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology), Sony, NEC (merged into Optiarc), Lite-On, Philips (merged into Philips & Low-cal-On Digital Solutions), Pioneer Corporation, Plextor, Panasonic, Yamaha Corporation and Kenwood.^[69]

Compatibility [edit]

Most optical drives are astern compatible with their ancestors up to CD, although this is not required by standards.

Compared to a CD's ane.2 mm layer of polycarbonate, a DVD's light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation axle only has to penetrate 0.6 mm in order to accomplish the recording surface. This allows a DVD drive to focus the beam on a smaller spot size and to read smaller pits. DVD lens supports a different focus for CD or DVD media with aforementioned laser. With the newer Blu-ray Disc drives, the light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation only has to penetrate 0.1 mm of cloth. Thus the optical assembly would ordinarily have to have an even greater focus range. In practice, the Blu-ray optical organization is dissever from the DVD/CD system.

Optical disc drive	Optical disc or optical media
	Pressed CD	CD-R	CD-RW	Pressed DVD	DVD-R	DVD+R	DVD-RW	DVD+RW	DVD+R DL	Pressed True cat BD	BD-R	BD-RE	BD-R DL	BD-RE DL	BD-R 40	BD-RE 40
Sound CD histrion	Read	Read i	Read two12	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
CD-ROM drive	Read	Read ane	Read 2	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
CD-R recorder	Read	Write	Read	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
CD-RW recorder	Read	Write	Write	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DVD-ROM drive	Read	Read three	Read iii	Read	Read 4	Read 4	Read four	Read 4	Read v	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DVD-R recorder	Read	Write	Write	Read	Write	Read vi	Read	Read 6	Read five	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DVD-RW recorder	Read	Write	Write	Read	Write	Read 7	Write 8	Read 6	Read 5	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DVD+RW recorder	Read	Write	Write	Read	Read 6	Read 9	Read 6	Write	Read five	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DVD+R recorder	Read	Write	Write	Read	Read 6	Write	Read 6	Write	Read 5	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DVD±RW recorder	Read	Write	Write	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Read 5	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
DVD±RW/DVD+R DL recorder13	Read	Write	Write	Read	Write 10	Write	Write 10	Write	Write	None	None	None	None	None	None	None
BD-ROM	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	None	None
BD-R recorder	Read 11	Write 11	Write 11	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write	Read	Write	Read	Read	Read	None	None
BD-RE recorder	Read 11	Write 11	Write 11	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write	Read	Write	Write	Read	Read	None	None
BD-R DL recorder	Read 11	Write 11	Write 11	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write	Read	Write	Write	Write	Read	None	None
BD-RE DL recorder	Read eleven	Write 11	Write 11	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	None	None
BD-ROM 40	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read	Read
BD-R Twoscore recorder	Read xi	Write 11	Write 11	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write	Read
BD-RE XL recorder	Read 11	Write eleven	Write 11	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write	Read	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write	Write

• ^1 Some types of CD-R media with less-cogitating dyes may cause problems.
• ^2 May not work in non MultiRead-compliant drives.
• ^three May not work in some early on-model DVD-ROM drives. CD-R would non work in any drive that did non have a 780 nm light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. CD-RW compatibility varied.^[70]
• ^4 DVD+RW discs did not work in early video players that played DVD-RW discs. This was not due to any incompatibility with the format just was a deliberate feature built into the firmware by one^{[ which? ]} bulldoze manufacturer.
• ^5 Read compatibility with existing DVD drives may vary greatly with the brand of DVD+R DL media used. Also drives that predated the media did not have the volume code for DVD+R DL media in their firmware (this was non an issue for DVD-R DL though some drives could merely read the start layer).
• ^6 Early DVD+RW and DVD+R recorders could not write to DVD-R(W) media (and vice versa).
• ^7 Will work in all drives that read DVD-R as compatibility ID byte is the aforementioned.
• ^8 Recorder firmware may blacklist or otherwise reject to record to some brands of DVD-RW media.
• ^9 DVD+RW format was released before DVD+R. All DVD+RW only drives could exist upgraded to write DVD+R discs by a firmware upgrade.
• ^ten As of Apr 2005, all DVD+R DL recorders on the market are Super Multi-capable.
• ^11 Equally of October 2006, recently released BD drives are able to read and write CD media.
• ^12 Older CD player models might struggle with the low reflectivity of CD-RW media.
• ^xiii Also known every bit "DVD Multi Recorder"

Recording performance [edit]

During the times of CD writer drives, they are often marked with three unlike speed ratings. In these cases, the showtime speed is for write-once (R) operations, the second speed for re-write (RW) operations, and the last speed for read-simply (ROM) operations. For example, a 40×/16×/48× CD writer drive is capable of writing to CD-R media at speed of 40× (half dozen,000 kbit/due south), writing to CD-RW media at speed of 16× (2,400 kbit/s), and reading from a CD-ROM media at speed of 48× (vii,200 kbit/s).

During the times of combo (CD-RW/DVD-ROM) drives, an boosted speed rating (e.g. the xvi× in 52×/32×/52×/16×) is designated for DVD-ROM media reading operations.

For DVD writer drives, Blu-ray Disc combo drives, and Blu-ray Disc writer drives, the writing and reading speed of their respective optical media are specified in its retail box, user's manual, or bundled brochures or pamphlets.

In the late 1990s, buffer underruns became a very common problem as high-speed CD recorders began to appear in home and office computers, which—for a diverseness of reasons—often could not muster the I/O performance to proceed the data stream to the recorder steadily fed. The recorder, should information technology run brusk, would be forced to halt the recording process, leaving a truncated rails that usually renders the disc useless.

In response, manufacturers of CD recorders began shipping drives with "buffer underrun protection" (under various trade names, such as Sanyo's "BURN-Proof", Ricoh's "JustLink" and Yamaha's "Lossless Link"). These can suspend and resume the recording process in such a way that the gap the stoppage produces tin exist dealt with past the error-correcting logic built into CD players and CD-ROM drives. The get-go of these drives^{[ which? ]} were rated at 12× and 16×.

The first optical drive to support recording DVDs at 16× speed was the Pioneer DVR-108, released in the second half of 2004. At that time however, no recordable DVD media supported that high recording speed notwithstanding.^{[71] [72] [73]}

While drives are burning DVD+R, DVD+RW and all Blu-ray formats, they do not require any such fault correcting recovery as the recorder is able to identify the new information exactly on the end of the suspended write effectively producing a continuous runway (this is what the DVD+ technology achieved). Although later interfaces were able to stream data at the required speed, many drives now write in a 'zoned constant linear velocity' ("Z-CLV"). This means that the bulldoze has to temporarily suspend the write functioning while it changes speed and so recommence it once the new speed is attained. This is handled in the same manner as a buffer underrun.

The internal buffer of optical disc author drives is: viii MiB or iv MiB when recording BD-R, BD-R DL, BD-RE, or BD-RE DL media; two MiB when recording DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-R DL, DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD+RW DL, DVD-RAM, CD-R, or CD-RW media.

Recording schemes [edit]

CD recording on personal computers was originally a batch-oriented chore in that it required specialised authoring software to create an "prototype" of the data to record and to record it to disc in the ane session. This was acceptable for archival purposes, but limited the general convenience of CD-R and CD-RW discs as a removable storage medium.

Bundle writing is a scheme in which the recorder writes incrementally to disc in short bursts, or packets. Sequential packet writing fills the disc with packets from bottom upwards. To make information technology readable in CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives, the disc can be closed at any time by writing a final table-of-contents to the start of the disc; thereafter, the disc cannot exist packet-written any further. Packet writing, together with support from the operating system and a file system like UDF, tin exist used to mimic random write-access equally in media like flash retention and magnetic disks.

Stock-still-length packet writing (on CD-RW and DVD-RW media) divides upward the disc into padded, fixed-size packets. The padding reduces the capacity of the disc, merely allows the recorder to start and stop recording on an individual parcel without affecting its neighbours. These resemble the cake-writable access offered past magnetic media closely plenty that many conventional file systems will work as-is. Such discs, however, are not readable in well-nigh CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives or on most operating systems without additional third-party drivers. The division into packets is not equally reliable as it may seem as CD-R(W) and DVD-R(West) drives can just locate data to within a data block. Although generous gaps (the padding referred to above) are left betwixt blocks, the drive nevertheless can occasionally miss and either destroy some existing data or even render the disc unreadable.

The DVD+RW disc format eliminates this unreliability by embedding more authentic timing hints in the data groove of the disc and assuasive individual data blocks (or fifty-fifty bytes) to be replaced without affecting astern compatibility (a feature dubbed "lossless linking"). The format itself was designed to deal with discontinuous recording considering information technology was expected to be widely used in digital video recorders. Many such DVRs use variable-rate video compression schemes which require them to record in short bursts; some let simultaneous playback and recording by alternating speedily between recording to the tail of the disc whilst reading from elsewhere. The Blu-ray Disc system also encompasses this technology.

Mount Rainier aims to make packet-written CD-RW and DVD+RW discs as user-friendly to use as that of removable magnetic media by having the firmware format new discs in the groundwork and manage media defects (past automatically mapping parts of the disc which have been worn out by erase cycles to reserve space elsewhere on the disc). Every bit of February 2007, support for Mount Rainier is natively supported in Windows Vista. All previous versions of Windows require a 3rd-party solution, as does Mac OS X.

Recorder Unique Identifier [edit]

Owing to force per unit area from the music manufacture, as represented by the IFPI and RIAA, Philips adult the Recorder Identification Code (RID) to allow media to be uniquely associated with the recorder that has written it. This standard is independent in the Rainbow Books. The RID-Lawmaking consists of a supplier lawmaking (e.g. "PHI" for Philips), a model number and the unique ID of the recorder. Quoting Philips, the RID "enables a trace for each disc back to the exact car on which it was made using coded information in the recording itself. The use of the RID code is mandatory."^[74]

Although the RID was introduced for music and video industry purposes, the RID is included on every disc written by every drive, including information and backup discs. The value of the RID is questionable as information technology is (currently) incommunicable to locate whatever individual recorder due to there being no database.

Source Identification Code [edit]

The Source Identification Lawmaking (SID) is an 8 character supplier lawmaking that is placed on optical discs by the manufacturer. The SID identifies not only manufacturer, but also the individual manufactory and automobile that produced the disc.

According to Phillips, the administrator of the SID codes, the SID code provides an optical disc production facility with the means to identify all discs mastered or replicated in its establish, including the specific Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Beam Recorder (LBR) bespeak processor or mould that produced a particular stamper or disc.^[74]

Use of RID and SID together in forensics [edit]

The standard utilize of RID and SID mean that each disc written contains a tape of the machine that produced a disc (the SID), and which drive wrote it (the RID). This combined knowledge may be very useful to law enforcement, to investigative agencies, and to private or corporate investigators.^[75]

See also [edit]

• Computer hardware
• Cue sheet (music software)
• Floptical
• ISO image
• List of optical disc authoring software
• MultiLevel Recording
• Optical disc authoring
• Optical disc recording technologies
• Optical jukebox
• Stage-change Dual
• Receiver (radio)
• Ripping

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The angular disc speeds of ×48 on CDs, ×16 on DVDs and ×12 on Blu-ray Discs refer to that equivalent linear velocity required for this multiple of the corresponding original speeds, if accessed at the outermost disc edge, and amounts to similar concrete rotation speeds.

References [edit]

1. ^ "QPxTool - cheque the quality". qpxtool.sourceforge.io.
2. ^ QPxTool - check the quality List of supported devices by dosc quality scanning software QPxTool']
3. ^ "Überbrennen von CD-Rs: Informationen". www.kautz-lucas.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2020.
4. ^ Video: "SAMSUNG ODD SE-S084D AV Connectivity" (published on September 14th 2010)
5. ^ TSSTcorp SE-208AB portable external DVD drive — User transmission: Using "AV" style (FAT32 file system simulation) (2011)
6. ^ "BluRay — Recording and reading speed". www.hughsnews.ca . Retrieved 11 August 2020. At this early phase anticipating anything is merely speculation just it'due south possible to make some informed predictions. From a applied perspective, spinning an optical disc at 10,000 RPM has long proven the realistic limit for half-height drives and 5,000 RPM for slim-types.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Pioneer computer bulldoze archive
8. ^ Taylor, Jim H.; Johnson, Mark R.; Crawford, Charles K. (2006). DVD Demystified. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. vii–8. ISBN0-07-142396-half dozen.
9. ^ Stan, Sorin G. (1998). The CD-ROM Bulldoze: A Brief System Description. Springer. p. thirteen. ISBN0-7923-8167-X.
10. ^ "Tearing Down A PS3 Blu Ray Drive". Hackaday. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
11. ^ Thomann, Ralph (2005). "repair cd-player repairing cd-player cd-thespian help adjust cd-role player repairing manual". world wide web.ralph-toman.de . Retrieved 2020-07-31 .
12. ^ "Optical Scale: DVD Role player Repair – Hungry Hacker". 2005-ten-09. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
13. ^ Video: PS2 Potentiometer Adjustment - Disk Read Error Fix - YouTube (2015-06-06)
14. ^ Montesdeoca, Erik. "Repair Any CD,DVD, & BLURAY Actor". www.instructables.com . Retrieved 31 July 2020.
15. ^ "How to Fix DVD Writer Not Identifying the CD/DVD Media". TrishTech.com. two February 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
16. ^ "Disc Read problems? How to POT Tweak Xbox 360 DVD Laser". Team-Xecuter Community. 22 Feb 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
17. ^ "100mW-Laserdioden aus 16x-DVD-Brennern" (PDF). mikrocontroller.cyberspace (in German). Retrieved 11 August 2020.
18. ^ ^{a b c} "CD-Recordable FAQ - section 5". cdrfaq.org.
19. ^ "Compatibility of DVD".
20. ^ "five. Weather condition That Affect CDs and DVDs • CLIR". CLIR.
21. ^ "Laser diodes from CD-RW drives can cut and burn down!". danyk.cz . Retrieved eleven August 2020.
22. ^ "Powerful laser diodes from DVD-RW drive". danyk.cz.
23. ^ "Cantankerous Section of DVD+R DL Optical Media".
24. ^ "Cantankerous Section of DVD+R DL Optical Media".
25. ^ http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/White_Paper_General_5th_20180216.pdf
26. ^ "Life in the fast lane can exist a disc-shattering experience". The Sydney Morning Herald. Dec nine, 2002.
27. ^ ^{a b} Andrawes, Mike. "Kenwood 52X TrueX EIDE CD-ROM". www.anandtech.com.
28. ^ Editor, H. H. (December xv, 2001). "Kenwood'south 72X True X CDROM Drive". HotHardware.
29. ^ ^{a b} "KenWood 72x TrueX CD-ROM | CdrInfo.com". www.cdrinfo.com.
30. ^ Aug 07, 2000. "Kenwood's 72X CD can't proceed pace with 24X CD-RW -". GCN. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors listing (link)
31. ^ "Target PC :: Kenwood 72X IDE CD-ROM". www.targetpc.com.
32. ^ "Kenwood launches 72x CD unit". www.theregister.com.
33. ^ https://pro.sony/s3/cms-static-content/file/49/1237494482649.pdf
34. ^ Folio, M. Kenwood 72× CD-ROM Review. p. two. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2007-x-08 .
35. ^ Spurgeon, Brad (December 11, 2004). "Spinning out of control: Hazard of CD explosion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014.
36. ^ ^{a b} "View All Discontinued LG Burners & Drives". LG USA. Archived from the original on 2020-07-xi. Retrieved 2020-07-11 .
37. ^ ^{a b} "Manual".
38. ^ "DVR-107D, DVR-107BK General Specifications" (PDF). Pioneer Electronics United states of america. 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
39. ^ Pioneer DVR-A06 brochure (2003)
40. ^ "Guide For Different Types Of Optical Drives". Tenpire. Retrieved 2019-06-12 .
41. ^ "| Wii - Full general Information: Arrangement & Accessories". Nintendo. Retrieved 2013-01-07 .
42. ^ "Video: "What Happens When you lot put a GameCube disc into a Nintendo Wii"". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.
43. ^ PlayStation three Teaching Manual (PDF). p. 50. Retrieved 2012-11-12 .
44. ^ "Nintendo Support: What Discs Are Compatible with the Wii U?". en-americas-support.nintendo.com.
45. ^ CD-210PU USB interface portable CD-ROM drive. TEAC. Retrieved 2007-10-08 .
46. ^ LiteOn eTAU108 - DVD±RW (±R DL) / DVD-RAM bulldoze - Hi-Speed USB Series Specification sheet and picture - CNet.com, 2009; accessed July 11th 2020.
47. ^ "cdvdcontrol • man page". helpmanual.io. 2014-02-26.
48. ^ Maximum PC – Bear Year. Dec 2002. p. 30,lxxx.
49. ^ Manpage for cdrecord.1
50. ^ "Lite-On iHAS324 - Printer Friendly version". CDR info. 2009-07-fourteen. Retrieved 14 August 2021. SmartWrite tin can overspeed sure 16X DVD±R media to a maximum of 24X
51. ^ ^{a b} "Picture show of the front end console of a NEC CDR-502 with standalone CD playback control buttons".
52. ^ "Photo of early CD-ROM drives with Audio CD command buttons and iii.5mm headphone plug".
53. ^ "cdtool". hinterhof.net. 2006-08-09. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
54. ^ "cdtool(ane) [debian man page]". www.unix.com. 2004-07-29.
55. ^ ^{a b} "Computer Peripherals - Affiliate 12. Optical Disks" (PDF). Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Oct 16, 2001. Retrieved 2011-07-sixteen .
56. ^ ^{a b} Lasers & Optronics, Volume 6, page 77
57. ^ Enterprise, I. D. Yard. (September 19, 1983). "Computerworld". IDG Enterprise – via Google Books.
58. ^ Japanese PCs (1984) (14:24), Computer Chronicles
59. ^ Faulkner, Joey (September 24, 2012). "MiniDisc, the forgotten format". The Guardian . Retrieved May 30, 2019.
60. ^ Taylor, Jim (March 21, 1997). "DVD Oft Asked Questions (with answers!)". Video Discovery. Archived from the original on March 29, 1997. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
61. ^ Staff (March 24, 1997). "Creative Does DVD". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on February 18, 1998. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
62. ^ "Press Release". www.kenwood.com.
63. ^ "Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Epitome". CD R Info. October 11, 2000. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
64. ^ Liadov, Proverb. "Sony BDZ-S77 Recorder Review". Digit-Life . Retrieved October 19, 2007.
65. ^ "Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-ray Discs a Reality". Phys.Org. Jan 9, 2005. Retrieved Oct eighteen, 2007.
66. ^ Costa, Dan (June fifteen, 2006). "Samsung Ships the First Blu-ray Thespian". PCMag.com . Retrieved October 17, 2007.
67. ^ Sony Rearranges Blu-ray Release Schedule. High-Def Digest, June xv, 2006.
68. ^ "Sony Unveils First Blu-Ray Disc Drive Burner". Sony. July 18, 2006. Retrieved Jan 22, 2010.
69. ^ Hollister, Sean. "Ever own a estimator with a DVD bulldoze? You may be owed $10". CNET.
70. ^ "CD-R/DVD ROM Compatibility Report - Introduction". 2002-02-03. Archived from the original on 2002-02-03. Retrieved 2020-07-20 .
71. ^ "Pioneer DVR-108: 16x-DVD-Brenner im PC-WELT-Test" (PCwelt.de, 2004-08-12) (German)]
72. ^ "16fach-DVD-Brenner Pioneer DVR-108 Der schnellste DVD-Brenner" − Bit.DE (2004-ten-16) (German)
73. ^ Pioneer DVR-108 – Product information and specifications
74. ^ ^{a b} "Intellectual Property & Standards/Licensing Programs". Philips. Retrieved 2010-07-27 .
75. ^ "Pocket guide to recognising pirate music products" (PDF). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2010-07-27 .

External links [edit]

• How CDs Piece of work at HowStuffWorks
• How CD Burners Work at HowStuffWorks
• Understanding CD-R & CD-RW

fairbanksmandiess.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive

Bagikan Artikel ini